Catholic fathers who came to Japan in the sixteenth century for missionary purposes held the intellectual ability of the Japanese in great esteem. The accuracy of his map was confirmed by the Americans who came to Japan with M.
Perry in Through Hirado and Nagasaki, Japan continues to receive various kinds of stimulation of from China and Western countries even during her policy of seclusion in the Edo period. These factors actually contributed to maintaining a high standard of scholarship in the Edo period, and thus made it possible to translate many Western technical terms into Japanese in the early Meiji period.
The publication of school textbooks in Japanese and the quick growth in the rate of school attendance among the Japanese contributed immensely to spreading foreign culture and scientific knowledge in Japan. Elementary schools first started in The percentage of school attendance in was Since it has remained at When discussing national identity in indigenous cultures, we must remember that Japanese people have always made a choice or selection among incoming things, and have maintained a strong stability against the excessive influx of foreign elements, although it is a historical fact that Japanese people have been positive toward accepting foreign cultures.
Japanese classics such as the Kojiki and Nihonshoki probably started to be compiled in the reign of Emperor Tenmu This coincides with the time when Japan was strongly reacting against the introduction of Chinese culture since the Taika Reformation Even when the Japanese adopted the ancient Chinese law system ritsuryo-sei , they neither took it as it was nor simply imitated it.
In addition to the original system, they introduced elements such as the establishment of the Bureau of Shinto Jingikan and the prohibition of eating the flesh of animals in case of festivals. Ichiro Ishida, the dividing line in the history of Japanese culture is seen in the middle ages. Prior to the middle ages, Japanese culture had been fostered and formed by stimulation from foreign cultures.
However later probably after the Mongolian invasions and , the autonomy of Japanese culture became stronger, although foreign cultural elements were used as a means of expression. It was in the middle ages that new stream of expression. It was in the middle ages that new stream of Buddhism such as Shin Buddhism and Nichiren Buddhism developed.
Genuine Japanese arts such as noh , renga , tea ceremony and flower arrangement developed, too. In regard to the teachings of Shinto, it was in the middle ages that authentic teachings first appeared in the middle ages that authentic teachings first appeared in the Shinto tradition.
Moreover, it was in the middle of the Edo period that Kokugaku National Learning started. Kokugaku aimed at rejecting the Buddhist and Confucian bias in Shinto teachings and returning to the spirit of ancient Shinto.
In the early Meiji period, there was excessive Westernization and modernization such as represented by the Rokumeikan. However, after the middle of the Meiji period, a sort of self-modification occurred as a result of a strong sense of balance in Japanese culture, even though it was accompanied by nationalistic movements.
This kind of sense of balance still exists at the bottom of Japanese society even in the post-war period. Japan rushed her modernization because she had to protect herself from possible colonization by Western countries, and to amend unequal treaties with foreign nations.
After the Russo-Japanese War , namely after the above urgent problems were solved, Japan regrettably started to colonize other countries by limitating Western nations.
Japan did it partly because she had to feed her overflow of population. Yet we must admit the fact that Japan's policy turned out to force neighboring countries to have a hard time.
After Manchurian Incident , national Shinto was quite often manipulated in order to unify the mind of the people. It required Japan to initiate a policy of church? The demand was so severe that there was no parallel even in Western countries. Along with other new policies such as the reformation of the family system and land system, the Shinto Directive had serious influence upon the promotion of moral education as well as upon Shinto itself.
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What is a song that everyone likes but won't admit it? Such interaction can be seen as an effect of globalization on nationalism in which one cannot live with others. On a cultural level, the world has shifted from national cultures to mixed cultures across the globe, resulting in a homogenized global culture rather than nationalism. The development of a global community, through interdependence, new technologies, and even media productions, challenges the nationalist thinking.
Another issue is that immigration is janus-faced, in which one face supports the argument of diminishing nationalism, while the other face supports the increasing sense of nationality.
The first face is that through growing immigration, globalization introduces risks and security challenges to nationalism Natalie, From a cultural and traditional point of view, when more people immigrate to another country, they will affect the social structure and thus they will change the demography of that country, which results in decreasing the sense of nationality. Therefore, such changes and challenges have affected.
The protective framework of the small community and of tradition replacing these with many larger impersonal organizations. The second argument is that globalization and nationalism have a mixed relationship in which one has led to the other and one promotes the other.
Some see globalization as the result of nationalism, because each nation has participated and gives something to the globe in a successful collective action unknown, Nationalism and Globalization, This suggests that each independent nation has in one way or another been involved in making up the globe as it is now.
This could have happened through the interaction of trade in old days. Thus, without the existence of nationalism, globalization would not be happening. Moreover, globalization has promoted nationalism, as in the case of Western social science, where it becomes a cultural resource in different global regions. For example, the work of Durkheim on the theme of civil religion was influential in the establishment of the new Turkish Republic in Robertson, This shows that what has happened or been generated in a specific region or country has influenced other regions or countries in a positive way.
Therefore, both globalization and nationalism can live together in harmony and benefit from each other. Some examples of this relationship can be detected in Georgia, where nationalist forces have been seeking greater globalization through integration in the Euro-Atlantic structure and attracting Foreign Direct Investment.
In addition, elites of East European nations also framed their accession campaigns to Euro-Atlantic structure in terms of fulfilling national aspirations, including gaining acceptance, recognition and security guarantees.
In this respect, culture politics serves power politics and therefore nationalism and globalization can and do coexist together. Natalie, The third argument says that globalization has increased the sense of nationalism in such a way that national extremism has emerged.
According to Douglas Kellner,. Indeed from the late s to the present, there has been a resurgence of nationalism, traditionalism, and religious fundamentalism alongside trends toward growing globalization. Culture has thus become a new source of conflict and an important dimension of struggle between the global and the local.
Godfrey, From the quotation, we see that nationalism in the age of globalization is a response to economic and political problems. As globalization is an external force that is pushing on the localities resulting in a diminishing national sense, localities have responded very strongly to this pressure by adopting a stronger national sense. More communication and interactions lead to a greater awareness of your identity and cultural differences, leading to an increased projection of ethnic, cultural, and national differences, leading to more conflict.
As an example, some national gangs and groups are formed by students in some European universities Bloom: quoted in Butt: The printing press also has a massive effect, as it allows people to express their culture and nationality to others, which allows others to see far beyond their communities and borders.
Moreover, increased migration has led to a rise in right-wing parties as in Europe and Britain Butt, All of this is showing one important fact, which is the rise of nationalism as a response to globalization. In our global world, being proud of your heritage, culture, and nationality has already become a taboo in many respects Godfrey, Globalization increases awareness of social heterogeneity because democracy allows people to participate and freedom of speech is guaranteed, so groups whose identity is based on race, ethnicity, religion, language have become increasingly vocal and have used the global media to make their discontent known.
After the Cold War, when the state was weakened by globalization, minorities were able to more effectively assert their identity in reaction to hegemonic cultural forces. To that, most scholars believe that nationalism would only intensify as state faces the growing challenge of globalization. This is to say that when the state is weak, national sense becomes stronger Hobsbawm, Evidence shows that in the former Soviet Union republics, new nationalism was born from insecurity and the search for ethnic purity.
Because of globalization, minorities in many countries are mobilizing to demand justice and respect, and established communities often resist these demands Riggs, The USSR has collapsed, and many nationalities and minorities were under USSR protection or repression; these minorities breathe freedom after the collapse and thus they demand their right of ruling themselves based on their identity and nationality.
National mobilization thrives on insecurity and uncertainty as categories of group belonging become sharpened in the heat of contestation. So as a response to a weak state that is no longer a promoter and protector of domestic interests but rather a collaborator with outside forces, minorities have raised their national voice Scholte: quoted in Lerche: In globalization, the powerful countries are those who can have a massive effect on the rest of the globe.
Again, here we see a response from other nationalities and other civilization that feel inferior or less powerful in the age of globalization due to the social, economic, and political status toward the West.
Systems of international marketing and communications create freeways for the mass import of foreign cultural materials, food, drugs, clothing, music, film, books, TV programs, with the concomitant loss of control over societies.
Such cultural anxieties are welcome fuel to more radical political groups that call for cultural authenticity, preservations of traditional and religious values and rejection of the alien cultural antigens Fuller: quoted in Lerche: The author here is clear in pointing out how the global system is designed in a way that makes it possible for others to respond.
This suggests that globalization is not simply a one-way process, transmitting Western civilization to the rest of the world. Indeed, experience has shown the quite reverse. In light of this argument, someone like Smith would argue that nationalism is stronger than globalization and therefore it cannot be diminished or made less important.
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